Theory of SIngle Wire Power Transmission

A Theory Of Single Wire Power Transmission

The article proposes a theory to explain why single wire electrical power transmission works, and why the currents in the single conductor seem to defy basic electromagnetic laws.

According to this theory, which is based on the original writings of Michael Faraday, J.J. Thomson, and Oliver Heaviside, the single wire currents propagate longitudinally along the conductor, rather than transversely through it, and have their magnetic lines of force pointing in the direction of propagation, which is why minimal magnetic force is measured, only a tiny electron current is established in the single wire, and close to no Joulean losses occur.

Introduction

Over 100 years ago, Nikola Tesla performed countless experiments which definitively showed that electrical power can be transmitted over a single wire without a return.

This led him to declare the need for closed circuits as an “old notion”, yet closed circuits are what we solely use today.

Since then, many hobbyists have replicated Tesla’s experiments and shared the results on blogs and in YouTube videos.

In Russia, scientists like Avramenko have written papers about-, and received patents for single wire power transmission circuits.

In fact, the Russian ministry for Energy and Agriculture (VIESH) has been investing heavily into further developing this technology so it can be used to upgrade Russia’s outdated power grid, as can be read in this 2018 paper they published.

Besides allowing power to be transmitted over a single wire, the currents present in these open circuits have several curious properties that seem to defy basic electromagnetic laws, like Ohm’s Law and Kirchoff’s Laws.

The current in a single wire circuit can neither be accurately measured by thermocouple ammeters, nor by magneto ammeters, yet kilowatts of power have been transmitted using this method, suggesting that moving charges and a magnetic field are negligible or even absent.

The wire also does not heat up from the current, and series resistors, inductors, and capacitors have no significant effect on the power output –effectively creating a room-temperature superconductor– yet an incandescent bulb, itself a resistive load, can be lit from the single conductor.

Since the experimental evidence is overwhelming, and the implications massive, it seems about time that a coherent theory is put forward that attempts to explain not some, but all of the extraordinary experimental results.

For this, I went back to the roots of our current theory of electromagnetism.

By synthesizing the original thoughts of Faraday, Maxwell, Heaviside, J.J. Thomson, and Nikola Tesla, a theory started to emerge that could explain why single wire power transmission works, where the amps are hiding, and why resistance seems to disappear.

In this article I explain this theory in detail.

On Faraday’s Tubes of Force

In the picture above, you see the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet visualized by iron filings.

These physical lines of force were first postulated by the visionary experimenter Michael Faraday, and also exist around a current carrying wire, as can be seen in the picture below.

The magnetic field exists at right angles to the conductor, or more accurately, at right angles to the direction of the current flowing through the conductor.

This movement of the magnetic lines at right angles to themself is what creates a magnetic force, according to J.J. Thomson in his seminal work “Electricity and Matter”.

We see that it is only the motion of a tube at right angles to itself which produces magnetic force; no such force is produced by the gliding of a tube along its length.

J.J. Thomson

Note how Thomson describes the lines as “tubes”, giving them not only a length, but also a width.

He then makes a striking analogy.

We suppose in fact the tubes to behave very much as long and narrow cylinders behave when moving through water; these if moving endwise [longitudinally], i.e., parallel to their length, carry very little water along with them, while when they move sideways [transversely], i.e., at right angles to their axis, each unit length of the tube carries with it a finite mass of water.

When the length of the cylinder is very great compared with its breadth, the mass of water carried by it when moving endwise may be neglected in comparison with that carried by it when moving sideways; if the tube had no mass beyond that which it possesses in virtue of the water it displaces, it would have mass for sideways but none for endwise motion.

J.J. Thomson

The quote above contains the key to explaining why single wire currents seem to have negligible magnetic fields.

HYPOTHESIS: Single wire currents have a magnetic field, but exert only a negligible magnetic force, because the lines of force are pointing in the direction of propagation

According to Thomson’s water analogy, if the magnetic field lines move in the direction of propagation, only a negligible amount of “water” is carried by them, and so no significant magnetic force will be present.

This lack of magnetic force explains why a magneto ammeter is only able to measure a fraction of the current one would expect, as the method of operation of such a meter depends on electromagnetic induction, which in turn requires a magnetic force.

Here it becomes important to realize that electrical power is transmitted, even though traditional meters are unable to register a conduction current.

This can be shown by adding a receiving device which transforms the single wire current back into a regular conduction current.

Two known ways to achieve this transformation are:

  1. Using a resonantly coupled receiver, like a Tesla Coil
  2. Using an Avramenko diode plug

Longitudinal Waves

Staying with the water analogy, oceans contain both transverse surface waves, where water moves up and down, as well as longitudinal pressure waves underwater, like in a tsunami.

When it comes to electromagnetism, though, scientists have somewhere along the line concluded that only transverse EM waves exist.

Radio waves are an example of transverse EM waves.

The great mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who simplified Maxwell’s 20 original equations into the four still used today, mentioned that…

“There are no ‘longitudinal’ waves in Maxwell’s theory.”

Oliver Heaviside

Maxwell in turn refers back to Faraday, saying…

“The conception of the propagation of transverse magnetic disturbances to the exclusion of normal ones is distinctly set forth by Professor Faraday in his “Thoughts on Ray Vibrations.”

James Clerk Maxwell

However, in the previous section we read that J.J. Thomson, describing Faraday’s work, said that longitudinal “disturbances” do exist, but that these simply do not exert a significant magnetic force.

The physicist Hermann von Helmholtz had “a rival electrodynamic theory, which predicted longitudinal waves in addition to the transverse waves predicted by Maxwell.”

Heinrich Hertz was a student of Helmholtz, and is also thought to believe in the existence of longitudinal waves.

Modern researchers and experimenters, like Avramenko, Zaev, Kasyanov, and Dollard, all conclude that the single wire currents are in fact longitudinal in nature.

HYPOTHESIS: Single wire currents are longitudinal in nature

This hypothesis fits with the previous idea that the field lines are moving longitudinally, in the direction of propagation, causing minimal “drag” and therefore minimal magnetic force.

Longitudinal waves require an elastic medium to propagate, so either the aether exists after all and the infamous Michaelson & Morely experiment was flawed, or electricity itself is a gaseous or fluid medium that can be polarized.

Tesla researcher Ernst Willem van den Bergh believes the latter is the correct view, and said that electricity is a gaseous medium that clings to matter.

Energy Outside The Wire

We usually speak of electricity “inside a wire”, but what if the energy is in fact stored and transmitted outside of it?

“[magnetic fields] are supposed to be set up by the current in the wire. We reverse this; the current in the wire is set up by the energy transmitted through the medium around It.”

Oliver Heaviside

“On starting a current, the energy reaches the wire from the medium without.”

Oliver Heaviside

“[Energy is] being delivered into a wire from the dielectric outside.”

Oliver Heaviside

The above quotes from Oliver Heaviside paint an interesting picture, where energy is stored in the fields around a conductor.

HYPOTHESIS: Electromagnetic energy is contained in the fields surrounding the wire, and doesn’t flow through the wire, but along and into it.

So an electron current is not the cause, but the effect of a transverse movement of the medium around a conductor.

It is also worth mentioning displacement current here, which was proposed by Maxwell to explain the transmission of AC through a capacitor.

Displacement current is not an electric current of moving charges, but a time-varying electric field.

Since the displacement current between two capacitor plates also travels outside of a solid conductor, it could have properties similar to the longitudinal waves we have been discussing here, or even be one and the same.

This possibility becomes especially enthralling when you consider that by transmitting power between two Tesla Coils, we essentially transmit between two capacitor plates, namely the top loads of the two coils.

A Simple Thought Experiment

According to the single wire current theory so far, we hypothesize that:

  1. Magnetic lines of force point in the direction of propagation
  2. Transmission is longitudinal
  3. Energy is contained in the fields around the wire

Lets put these together and make some inferences using a simple thought experiment.

Imagine a wire (the conductor), with around that a bead (a unit of electromagnetic energy).

If we move the bead transversely (up and down), the wire will experience stress, since it is bending and resisting the movement of the bead.

This stress creates friction, and this friction creates heat (Joulean losses).

If we instead move the bead longitudinally, along the wire, there is no stress on the wire, so no friction, and no heat.

In other words, the superconductive properties attributed to single wire currents by other researchers are hereby explained.

Transverse waves interact significantly with the conductor by having their magnetic field cut through the conductor, inducing an electron current, and causing ohmic losses.

On the other hand, longitudinal waves simply use the conductor as a waveguide, and their magnetic field does not cut through, but is guided along it, resulting in zero skin depth, no resistance, no heating, no conductor current, but only a displacement current in the surrounding dielectric.

This also explains why adding large series resistors, capacitors, or inductors to a single wire line does not significantly alter the amount of power at the receiving end.

The Curious Case of the Incandescent Bulb

So far, the proposed theory fits with the experimental evidence.

However, one curious case stands out:

If these single wire currents generate only negligible electron currents and therefore no real heat, then how can experimenters still use these currents to light up incandescent bulbs?

It seems like Nikola Tesla has the answer for us.

“There seem to be no other causes to which the incandescence might be attributed in such case except to the bombardment or similar action of the residual gas, or of particles of matter in general.”

Nikola Tesla, On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena

If this is correct, this would mean we should possibly even be able to light up an incandescent bulb with a broken filament.

Predictions

Based on the theory put forth in this article, we can make several predictions, which can then in turn be confirmed or falsified by experiments.

  1. Due to minimal Joulean losses, megawatts of power can be transmitted over a single wire only a couple of millimeters in diameter
  2. Due to the minimal magnetic force, only a resonantly coupled coil will work as a receiver in a single wire transmission system
  3. Incandescent bulbs with broken filaments can be lit up using single wire currents of sufficient voltage and frequency to cause significant molecular bombardment
  4. While single wire currents have superconductive properties, they cannot be used in superconductive magnets, due to their lack of magnetic force

Closing Thoughts

In this article I have endeavoured to lay out a theory, built on the words of the pioneers of electromagnetism, that explains the curious results of the many single wire power transmission experiments that have been performed by researchers from around the world.

While this theory could easily be completely wrong, I still find it important to put it out there, even if it was just to start a discussion and to organize my thoughts, as I am yet to find a competing, substantiated, coherent theory.

It is also important to heed Nassim Taleb’s warning:

“Mere absence of nonsense may not be sufficient to make something true.”

Nassim Taleb

So use this theory as a starting point for your own research, but know that it is most likely flawed.

And if you do find any flaws, please let me know in the comments, so we can start a discussion.

Tesla Coil Experiments

7 Impressive Tesla Coil Experiments

When most people think of a Tesla Coil, they think of big sparks.

This frustrates me to no end…

There are a ton of other cool experiments that can be performed with Tesla Coils, especially if you have a matching pair of them.

In this article I cover 7 cool Tesla Coil experiments for you to try.

1. Sparks (with a twist)

Yes, let’s just start with the most basic and obvious one, but with a little twist.

Modern day Tesla Coilers mainly aim to discharge the longest possible spark straight into the air.

Not very creative.

Nikola Tesla, especially in his early days, used his coils to create beautiful sparks in many different variations.

6 creative ways in which Tesla discharged his coils (1982)

He added all kinds of wire shapes, bulbs, and other accessories to the ends of his coils so he could study different discharge patterns.

Tesla would also hold sparking coils in his hands for a spectacular effect.

Nikola Tesla holding a coil while sparks emanate from it

Later, he would take the now famous pictures of sparks emanating from his Colorado Springs Magnifying Transmitter.

Tesla in front of his Extra Coil in Colorado Springs
Tesla in front of his Extra Coil in Colorado Springs

This photoshoot was mainly so he had something to wow his investors with.

Sparks were not Tesla’s main purpose.

In fact, he tried everything he could to suppress sparks, as they were considered losses in his system.

So get yourself a Tesla Coil, add a sharp metal point, like a piece of wire or a nail to the top of your coil, and push enough power into the system to create a spark.

Just don’t stop with the boring “straight into the air” sparks.

Get creative!

2. Flame speaker

Now let’s do something awesome; let’s make our sparks sing!

And I don’t mean those silly 8-bit Super Mario tunes you always hear from your friendly neighbourhood coiler.

No, I mean real music coming from the spark!

Eric Dollard held a brilliant demonstration of this “flame speaker” at the 2019 Energy Science & Technology Conference.

To achieve this, you need to be able to apply Amplitude Modulation (AM) to your input signal that enters the Tesla Coil primary.

I do this using an FY6900 function generator, which has AM modulation built-in.

On my phone I play a song through Spotify, which goes into a tiny 5V audio amplifier, which then enters my function generator’s VCO IN port.

I then set the function generator to amplitude modulation, and use the VCO IN port as the modulation source.

Finally, I run the signal generator output through an FYA2050S 20W amplifier to have enough power to generate a (small) spark.

Music, real music, can be heard playing from the spark ⚡🎶

Now you’re officially one of the cool kids!

3. Radio reception

Not many people realise it, but the main purpose of Tesla’s research with his coils focused on transmitting power and radio signals.

Just not the type of radio signals we are used to today.

In his brilliant article The True Wireless, Tesla explains that traditional radios radiate waves into the air.

Only a billionth of the transmitted power is received and then has to be amplified again before the signal can be used to play over your speakers.

Tesla intended to transmit his radio signals through the earth, in which case hardly any power was lost during transmission.

He therefore did everything he could to minimize the amount of radiated waves, as these were seen by Tesla as system losses.

… [my] wireless transmitter is one in which the Hertz-wave radiation is an entirely negligible quantity as compared with the whole energy

Tesla, N. (1919). My Inventions: The autobiography of Nikola Tesla. New York, NY: Cosimo Classics

So while the Tesla Coil is on purpose terrible at transmitting radio waves through the air, you can still receive them if you’re close enough.

We’ll need the same setup from the flame speaker experiment + an AM radio (I found an old Grundig Yacht Boy 217 in my parents’ house).

Then we’ll need to tune our Tesla Coil to within the AM frequency band supported by our radio, which is 520 – 1610 kHz in my case.

When you now push your amplitude modulated wave through your coil and tune your radio to the same frequency, you’ll hear the song coming from your radio!

Video of my Tesla Coil AM radio transmission

Pretty neat, huh?!

Now if you want to follow Tesla more closely, you could ram a few 3 meter long ground rods into your backyard, and connect your Tesla Coil to it to transmit into the ground.

You could now use your radio, with its antenna connected to a ground rod further away, to receive the signal through the ground.

In fact, if you have an AM radio station nearby, you could even receive their signal, and even some of their broadcast power, through the ground, using a Tesla Coil tuned to their frequency.

For more on this, check out Eric Dollard’s Crystal Radio Initiative.

4. Voltage & current gradient

When a Tesla Coil is in resonance, the voltage peak is situated near the coil’s top load, which is why sparks discharge from there.

A nice way to visualize the actual voltage rise along the coil is by attaching a small neon bulb to the end of a non-conducting stick.

One leg of the bulb should point outward, and the other should ideally be connected to the stick with aluminium tape, which then creates a mini top load for the bulb so a voltage difference will appear across its legs.

When you now move the bulb’s pointy leg along the length of the coil, you will see it light up brighter and brighter as it nears the top.

Tesla Coil voltage gradient visualized with a neon bulb

We can do a similar thing with the current in the coil.

For this, we need a magnetic pickup, which is basically a coil of wire on an iron core, and an oscilloscope.

Connect the pickup to your scope and move it along the length of the coil, like we did with the bulb.

This time, you will find that the current peak is actually near the ground terminal of your coil, and the current low point near the top load.

Standing Waves and Resonance | Transmission Lines | Electronics Textbook
1/4 wave transmission line has its voltage (E) and current (I) peaks on opposite ends

The reason for this is that voltage and current are 90º out of phase, and since the Tesla Coil is a 1/4 wave resonator, current and voltage peaks end up on opposite sides.

So while this may not be the most exciting experiment you’ve ever done, it definitely is an educational one.

5. Wireless light

Another favorite pastime of coilers is to hold a fluorescent bulb or tube near their coils to see them light up in their hands, without any direct electrical connection.

I admit, this is fun to do, and Tesla performed similar demonstrations.

How to Build a Wireless Energy Transfer Array to Power Light Bulbs Without  Plugging Them In « Fear Of Lightning :: WonderHowTo
Nikola Tesla holding a light bulb that is illuminated wirelessly

It is important to note here that Tesla did not intend to use this method of wireless power on a scale larger than inside a room, as it is highly inefficient.

It was used more as a party trick.

6. Single wire light

Now on to some rather peculiar experiments whose results are not so easy to explain.

So, you know how they always teach you that current only flows if there is a closed circuit?

Well, we’re going to light an incandescent light bulb from a single wire, without a return!!

Simon from Tesla Scientific shows several cool ways in which to light a bulb with a single wire from a Tesla Coil’s ground connection

Why not use LEDs or neon bulbs?

Because an incandescent bulb is harder to light, and needs a reasonable amount of current to flow, so is much more impressive.

It will show that loads can be powered with an open circuit!

For a coil powered with just a signal generator, you can use tiny 1.5V or 3V grain of rice bulbs.

If you have a bit more power at your disposal, try using 240V 15W oven bulbs.

Hold the bulb against the ground connection of your running coil andddd…. nothing happens…

Now, attach a piece of wire or aluminium foil to the other terminal of the lamp and behold, it lights up!

The piece of wire or foil acts as a capacity, or “elastic reservoir” as Tesla described it, allowing the current to oscillate back and forth through the load.

Single Wire Power Transmission Analog

Click here to learn more about single wire electricity

NOTE: this will NOT work with a Slayer Exciter type circuit, as those use the ground connection of the secondary for feedback, and so it is not free to attach a bulb to. You will need a traditional Tesla Coil setup, where the ground terminal is actually connected to the ground.

7. Single wire power transmission

In the previous experiment we already saw that we could light an incandescent bulb from a single wire without a return.

Now we take that a step further and transmit power to a second receiver coil.

There we convert it back to a regular closed circuit current and power a small motor with it.

Single wire power transmission using two tuned Tesla Coils

The cheapest and fastest way to create a transmitter / receiver pair of Tesla Coils is to purchase some PCB coils, like this one or this one.

You will also need some capacitors (ideally a variable capacitor as well) to tune the primary coils to the same frequency as the secondary coils for optimal efficiency in power transfer.

Place the coils a good distance apart and connect their ground connections using a single wire.

On the receiver end, add a full-wave bridge rectifier with a smoothing capacitor to convert the high-frequency current to DC.

I recommend using 1N4148 diodes for the bridge rectifier of low power coils, as they are fast enough to handle a few MHz.

Finally, connect a small 12V computer fan to it as a load, or any other small DC load of your choosing, and see it come to life when you get the tuning of your coils exactly right!

Congrats, you just proved it is possible to transmit power over a single wire without a return, and then use it to power a regular load!

Closing thoughts

If you would replace the single wire between the two coils with the earth, then you get what Tesla’s ultimate goal was with this technology.

He wanted to transmit power around the world using the earth as the “wire”.

This was his True Wireless.

After reading and performing these Tesla Coil experiments, I hope you now realize that Tesla didn’t invent his coils just to make sparks.

Single Wire Power Transmission Analog

4 Methods for Single Wire Power Transmission

Today’s 3-phase power grid uses 3 or 4 wires to transmit electrical energy. This article describes 4 innovative methods, some over 100 years old, which use only a single wire to transmit the same amount of power or more, without a return wire!

These methods hold the promise to drastically reduce costs and lower line losses, and imply that our Electrical Engineering textbooks might be due for an update.

In order of increasing exoticness, these are the methods we will cover in this article:

  1. Single-Wire Earth Return (SWER)
  2. B-Line or Single Line Electricity (SLE)
  3. Tesla’s Single Wire Transmission Without Return
  4. Avramenko / Strebkov Single-Wire Electric Power System (SWEPS)

Before we dive in, let’s take a quick look at what makes our current power transmission system less than ideal.

3-Phase: why we use it, and why it is flawed

The 3-phase system has been used to transmit power for more than 120 years now, and hasn’t changed much since. So why use 3-phase? There are a few good reasons:

  1. A minimum of 3-phases are required to establish a smooth rotating magnetic field, which is needed to achieve optimal torque in electric motors. Nikola Tesla, who played a key role in designing our current power system, invented the AC induction motor 1, and was therefore a strong proponent of a 3-phase system.
  2. Another major benefit of 3 phases is that since each phase is 120º apart, they add up to zero at each point in time. This is why we can transmit 3-phases without needing 3 return wires as well. As long as the loads are balanced between phases, we can combine the returning currents into one, which then cancel each other out, mitigating the need for a return wire, or using only a single, relatively small return wire if the phases aren’t perfectly balanced.

If you want a more entertaining explanation, see the video below.

It’s a pretty nifty system. However, there are several major downsides as well:

  • 3 or 4 wires are needed for power transmission
  • Large support towers for the wires
  • Very expensive to place underground, since wires need to be spaced sufficiently far apart
  • Significant energy losses
  • Constant reactive power compensation needed
  • Complex load balancing
  • Risk of phase-to-phase faults due to wind

So is there no better way? Back in the day, not really. AC was chosen over DC mainly because transformers could be used to easily step-up and step-down the currents.

This was needed because transmission losses are smaller at higher voltages, but you can’t push hundreds of kilovolt into someone’s household appliances, so conversion was needed.

Thanks to solid-state technology, this is now also possible for DC, albeit at much greater costs and lower reliability, which is why High-Voltage DC (HVDC) lines are currently mainly used for very large distances or to connect two AC systems, even though HVDC promises to reduce line losses and requires less conductors than a 3-phase AC system.

What follows are 4 alternative systems that only need a single conductor to transmit power, and which solve most, if not all, of the above mentioned issues.

Since many people will say outright that single wire power transmission is impossible, I will try to offer as much credible evidence as I can, and will make it clear how these results can be replicated for easy verification.

Single-Wire Earth Return (SWER)

The first system we’ll describe, SWER, is also the only one in the list that is currently in active service.

This system, which supplies single-phase power over one conductor while using the earth (or the ocean) as a return path, was developed around 1925 in New Zealand for the economical electrification of thinly populated rural areas. Today SWER is actively used in New Zealand, Australia, Alaska, Canada, Brazil, and Africa, as well as in HVDC submarine power cables 2.

SWER circuit diagram

Interactive SWER circuit diagram. Click on the open switches to close them and see the current flowing through the circuit.

The main benefit of this system is its affordability, since SWER only uses one instead of two conductors, and because current drawn by these rural customers is relatively small, thinner cables, and therefore fewer and smaller poles can be used to hold the cable up.

19kV Single-Wire Earth Return wire in Australia

The downside is that these lines are not very efficient, and they often experience significant voltage drops. However, the main issue is that currents of up to 8 amps can flow through the ground near the earth points, so there is a danger of shocking people and animals if the earth connection is faulty.

And while SWER systems are great to economically transmit relatively small amounts of power to thinly populated areas, they cannot be used to provide cities and industry of power, so their use case is fairly limited.

The next single-wire power transmission method we will discuss solves some of the problems inherent to SWER, and does away with the need for a return current through the ground altogether.

B-Line or Single Line Electricity (SLE)

Professor Michael Bank from the Jerusalem College of Technology devised a highly interesting way to enable single-wire power transmission by creating equal phase currents in the live wire and the return wire, which then allows these wires to be combined into one 3.

His system, which he calls a B-Line, achieves this by using a 180º phase shifter after the source, combining the two wires into one transmission line, and then transforming this back to a regular two wire current before the load by using another 180º phase shifter. Both load and generator won’t “see” the difference!

The phase shift is achieved by using a reverse connected 1:1 transformer, and for higher frequencies a half period delay line could be used. The following interactive circuit diagram should make this idea more clear.


Interactive B-Line circuit diagram

If you look at the current graph in the interactive circuit above, you’ll see that the current in the single-wire transmission line is twice that of the source, because the two wires are combined into one.

This means that to transmit the same amount of power, the single transmission line needs to have half the resistance, hence a more expensive wire is needed, but at least you’ll only need one!

A major benefit of the B-Line over a SWER system is that the B-Line does not use the ground as a return circuit!

Yes, it seems in the animation above that the ground is involved, but since the current in the single transmission line is doubled in this system, and the current between source and load adheres to Ohm’s law, no other current can exist! Ground current does not exist here, since it is all kept inside the circuit.

Professor Bank ran two experiments to further prove that ground is not involved in this circuit.

  1. He used a 300 kHz signal, which then allowed him to replace the grounded inverter coil by a 500m long, half period delay line without a connection to the ground. The system still functioned as before.
  2. In the chapter Zeroing without the current injection into the ground, Bank describes a device which he calls a “nullifier” which offers an adequate zero-voltage reference level, and can therefore replace a ground connection. His transmission system still worked when the ground connection was replaced with a nullifier, further proving that no current flows through the ground in this circuit.
Nullifier as designed by Professor Michael Bank, which offers a zero-voltage reference level adequate to zero a current. It is an aerial consisting of a considerable quantity of monopoles, with length much smaller than a quarter of a wavelength.

Bank mentions that the downside of using his system is that his single wire creates a stronger EM field than a 3-phase system, which offers compensating polarity, and so has a larger effect on humans. This downside is countered by the fact that a single conductor requires way less space, and is therefore much cheaper to place underground where is can’t harm humans.

The delay line also needs to be adjusted when the frequency changes to keep the phase shift equal to 180º. However, the major drawback of this system seems to be the fact that double the current needs to be transferred over a single conductor, creating larger transmission losses due to heat dissipation (I²R losses), unless more expensive, lower resistance cables are employed.

The next system, which is very easy to replicate, solves the high-current problem of the B-Line, and is the first in the list that seems to defy explanation by today’s Electrical Engineering models.

Tesla’s Single Wire Transmission Without Return

“I had already proved in my lecture at Columbia College that I could transmit energy through one wire” 4

All the way back in 1891, during a lecture at Columbia College in front of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Nikola Tesla was the first to demonstrate definitively that electrical energy can be transmitted through a single wire without a return, and be used to power loads, like incandescent lamps.

“In several demonstrative lectures before scientific societies… I showed that it was not necessary to use two wires in transmitting electrical energy, but that one only might be employed equally well.” 5

In its most basic form, Tesla’s single wire system is simply a grounded alternator with the other terminal connected to a capacitance, like a large metallic object. Tesla explains the workings of this system using an illuminating analog in his article “The True Wireless”.

Tesla electric transmission through two wires and hydraulic analog
Fig. 3. — Electric Transmission Thru Two Wires and Hydraulic Analog.
Tesla diagram showing electric transmission through a single wire hydraulic analog
Fig. 4. — Electric Transmission Thru a Single Wire Hydraulic Analog.

“The operation of devices thru a single wire without return was puzzling at first because of its novelty, but can be readily explained by suitable analogs. For this purpose reference is made to Figs. 3 and 4.

In the former the low resistance electrical conductors are represented by pipes of large section, the alternator by an oscillating piston and the filament of an incandescent lamp by a minute channel connecting the pipes. It will be clear from a glance at the diagram that very slight excursions of the piston would cause the fluid to rush with high velocity thru the small channel and that virtually all the energy of movement would be transformed into heat by friction, similarly to that of the electric current in the lamp filament.

The second diagram will now be self-explanatory. Corresponding to the terminal capacity of the electric system an elastic reservoir is employed which dispenses with the necessity of a return pipe. As the piston oscillates the bag expands and contracts, and the fluid is made to surge thru the restricted passage with great speed, this resulting in the generation of heat as in the incandescent lamp. Theoretically considered, the efficiency of conversion of energy should be the same in both cases.” 6

This basic single wire system was further perfected by Tesla over the years, culminating in the development of Tesla’s Magnifying Transmitter, which would use the entire globe as the “wire”. In the image below, Tesla shows us the evolution of his device.

Evolution of Nikola Tesla’s single wire system 7

First an inductor is added (2), then this inductor becomes a variable inductor (3), and then a step-up transformer is introduced (4), effectively creating the famous Tesla Coil setup. This is then further perfected to generate the highest possible efficiency and voltage by using tuned circuits and resonance.

Tesla planned to transmit large amounts of power through the earth, essentially removing the need for transmission lines altogether. However, in the core it is still a single wire transmission system, and instead of the earth, you can use two tuned Tesla coils connected by a single wire to transmit electrical energy the way Tesla originally intended.

Three ways to power loads from a single wire transmission line coming off of a Tesla Coil

The diagrams above show the following:

  1. High-voltage, high-frequency loads can be directly powered from the single wire transmission line, as long as a capacitance is present at the end of the line
  2. A second Tesla Coil acts as a receiver and steps down the voltage of the transmission line to power low-voltage, high-frequency loads
  3. After step-down, the high-frequency electricity is rectified using a full-wave bridge rectifier with smoothing capacitor to power low-voltage DC loads

As you can see, Tesla’s transmission system is highly versatile, and capable of powering a wide variety of loads from a single wire. Unfortunately, it was never taken into service, because Tesla put all his efforts into his “wireless” power transmission through the earth.

It is crazy to think that Tesla already called the “necessity of a return circuit for the conveyance of electrical energy in any considerable amount” an “old notion” back in 1898! 8 That’s why I was elated to find that a group of Russian scientists is finally pushing this technology forward and is actually integrating it into the power grid. On top of that, they found that these single wire currents posses some curious properties…

Avramenko / Strebkov Single-Wire Electric Power System (SWEPS)

In 1993, the Russian duo Stanislav and Konstantin Avramenko filed for a patent titled “Method and Apparatus for Single Line Electrical Transmission9, which was granted to them on August 15, 2000.

I’ll let the authors describe the function of the apparatus described in the patent.

“Transformation of electrical energy… into the energy of oscillation of a field of free electrical charges such as the displacement current or longitudinal wave of an electric field, the density of which varies in time, and the transmission of the energy via a transmission line which does not form a closed circuit comprising a single-wire transmission line and, where necessary, its transformation into the electromagnetic energy of conduction currents.”

That snippet might need some explanation.

Essentially, Avramenko is saying that their apparatus transforms a regular conduction current into an oscillating electric field. This oscillating electric field is what is then transmitted along a single conductor transmission line, and finally at the end of the line transformed once more back into a regular conduction current.

They refer to their transformer as a “alternating density generator”, since it creates a wave by varying the density of the electric field, or a “monovibrator”, since only a single terminal is connected to the line.

Avramenko’s Alternating Density Generator is simply a secondary coil with one terminal disconnected, or alternatively connected to the other terminal with or without a series capacitance.

In the end though, any ol’ transformer can be used, “with or without a ferromagnetic core”, as long as only one terminal of the secondary is connected to the transmission line, although the authors recommend that for the best efficiency tuned transmitter and receiver coils should be used, in other words: Tesla Coils.

So far, the devices in the Avramenko patent are identical to Nikola Tesla’s, apart from the fact that they were given a different name. The fact that they describe what they believe is the nature of the single wire current is something that is valuable though.

Avramenko Diode Plug

Besides transformer coils, one unique apparatus is introduced to transform the single wire current into a regular conduction current: the Avramenko diode plug.

Avramenko’s diode plug can power a load with regular pulsed DC, directly from a single wire line

This device is really nothing more than a half-wave rectifier setup with the input terminals of the two diodes connected to the single wire transmission line, but it enables some thought-provoking results.

For example, when traditional magnetoelectric or thermoelectric milliammeter are used on the single-wire line, no current is measured, but when these same meters are connected to the Avramenko plug circuit, current is measured 10

Also, placing a 10 kΩ resistor, a capacitor, or an inductor in series with the single wire line, does not affect the current measured in the Avramenko plug circuit at the end of the line! 11 The single wire current seems to completely “ignore” those components, hinting at superconductive properties! They do not seem to adhere to Ohm’s Law or Kirchoff’s Laws.

Knowing this, the following claim from the Avramenko patent makes sense.

“The invention will make possible a sharp reduction in the costs involved in transmitting electrical energy over long distances, and a sharp reduction in the losses of Joulean heat from transmission lines.”

These results substantiate Avramenko’s claim that the single wire currents, which he and his colleagues Zaev and Lisin call “polarization currents” in their 2012 paper, differ fundamentally from conduction currents, and that they are longitudinal rather than transverse in nature.

Improved Avramenko plug, with a full-wave bridge rectifier setup, a capacitance connected to the end of it, and a magnetoelectric milliammeter connected across, as suggested by Kasyanov (2015)

Other authors come to the same conclusions, but also mention that the Avramenko plug’s efficiency can be improved by using a full-wave bridge rectifier setup 12 13.

Implementation into the Russian power grid

The overwhelming experimental evidence suggests that single wire power transmission is possible and is much cheaper and more efficient than our ancient 3-phase power grid, because it uses less wires of smaller diameter, therefore less poles will be needed, smaller transformers can be used due to the higher frequency, less energy is lost during transmission, transmission distance and capacity are increased, and the danger of short-circuits is removed.

And while Western scientists still scoff at the feasibility of single wire currents, the Russian government has been funding research into this field for years now, with the goal to seriously upgrade over 1 million kilometers of outdated overhead transmission lines in the coming 15 years 14

In a 2018 paper, the Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM of Russia proposes to use this technology to enable…

“Direct solar energy conversion and transcontinental terawatt power transmission with the use of resonant wave-guide technology developed by N. Tesla” 15

Besides worldwide power transmission, the paper continues to describe other applications of Tesla’s technology, some of which have already been patented by the authors, including:

  • Electric rockets
  • Chlorine-free ways to build solar cells
  • 10x lower electrolysis costs, to make hydrogen
  • Batteryless electric cars
  • Contactless power for trains
  • Underground cables to replace the overhead ones

If the US and Europe want to stay competitive, it seems high time to start taking this revolutionary technology seriously, and to start pouring some serious R&D power into its development.

What about 3-phase motors?!

After reading this article, I hope the viability and revolutionary nature of single wire power transmission has become apparent. However, only 1 phase can be transmitted over a single wire, which is fine for most residential customers, but we learned in the beginning that 3-phase power is needed to run industrial motors…

Luckily there are several solutions to create 3-phase power from a single phase line.

Creating 3-phase power from a single wire line, as proposed by Michael Bank
  1. TRiiiON offers plug & play 3-phase power solutions
  2. The inventor of the B-Line mentioned in this article also offers a solution: split the single wire line into three lines at the customer end, then use simple L & C filters to shift 2 phases by 60º and 1 phase by 180º using an inverter coil, resulting in a 3-phase current 16

Closing thoughts

This article described 4 methods to transmit electrical power over a single wire, without a return.

It turns out that the effect is ridiculously easy to replicate: take any transformer and only use one terminal of the secondary. That’s it! You can then further increase transmission efficiency by running the transformer at its resonant frequency.

With replication being so incredibly simple, and the potential for room-temperature superconductivity being so blatantly obvious, it honestly baffles me that this technology is not pursued at full force by researchers around the world. It seems only Russia is taking this seriously.

I urge everyone who reads this to start experimenting and finding ways to get this technology out there. My guess is that it will not be accepted until a fully developed product or method is made available that saves businesses or consumers so much money that they will almost be forced to adopt it.

If you know any methods to achieve single wire power transmission that were not mentioned in this article, please share in the comments!